Thailand’s Department of Business Development (DBD) has clarified that even after the amended Civil and Commercial Code (CCC) comes into effect on February 7, 2023, companies with articles of association pursuant to the previous CCC will still have to follow the previous requirements for publication of shareholders’ meeting notices. The amended CCC removes the requirement for companies to publish a notice in a local newspaper when calling a general meeting of shareholders. Instead, companies can call a general meeting of shareholders either by sending a notice by post with acknowledgement of receipt to every shareholder whose name appears in the register of shareholders or by delivering the notice in person. However, the amended CCC still requires companies that have issued share certificates to bearers to publish a notice at least once in a local newspaper or via electronic means, as prescribed by the relevant ministerial regulations. Notwithstanding these updated requirements, the DBD has issued a clarification explaining that the amended CCC coming into effect on February 7 will not usher in a blanket change to the way most companies are required to notify shareholders about a general shareholders’ meeting. If a company’s articles of association were made pursuant to a prior version of the CCC, that company will still need to publish a notice calling for a general meeting of shareholders in a local newspaper—even after the new amendment becomes effective. If companies would like to change their practice so that they no longer have to publish this notice, they will need to amend their articles of association after the effective date of the amended CCC. For more information on the new requirements of the amended CCC, or on any aspect of corporate laws and corporate governance in Thailand, please contact Prisna Sungwanna at [email protected], or Kobchai Nitungkorn at

Thailand’s Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) has issued four new regulations under the Energy Business Act B.E. 2550 (2007) setting forth competition regimes to control both anticompetitive conduct and market structure in the energy business sector. The regulations were published in the Government Gazette on December 19, 2022, and took effect the following day. The key provisions of these ERC competition regulations largely mirror those articulated in the Trade Competition Act B.E. 2560 (2017) and its subordinate legislation. The most significant features of these competition regulations are summarized below. Market Definition Regulation The ERC’s market definition regulation (officially the ERC Regulation re: Market Definition and Relevant Market of Related Energy Services B.E. 2565) outlines the general framework for defining relevant markets in the energy sector. The factors to be taken into consideration include types of energy licenses, geographical areas, competition conditions, and interchangeability of energy services. In the annex to this regulation, the ERC has classified the relevant energy service markets as follows: Power business activities include power generation, power transmission system services, power distribution system services, power distribution services, and power system control services. Natural gas business activities include natural gas transmission through pipelines via natural gas transmission systems, natural gas procurement and wholesale via natural gas distribution systems, natural gas retail via natural gas distribution systems, and storage and regasification of liquefied natural gas. The ERC will review its market definitions and relevant energy service markets from time to time, taking into account changes in technology and competition conditions as well as feedback from public hearings. Market Dominance Regulation Under the ERC’s market dominance regulation (officially the ERC Regulation re: Criteria on Business Operator having a Market Dominance B.E. 2565), the ERC is empowered to proactively determine and declare which license-holding energy business operators have a dominant position

The January–March 2023 issue of Asia Franchise & Business Opportunities magazine features an article by two franchising specialists in Tilleke & Gibbins’ Bangkok office. Written by Alan Adcock, partner, and Sher Hann Chua, consultant, the article provides a summary of the legislative developments of 2022 most relevant to franchisors and franchisees. The update looks especially at amendments to Thailand’s unfair trade practices in franchising, as well as the far-reaching Personal Data Protection Act, which is reshaping the way businesses—including franchises—are handling the personal data of customers, partners, and employees. The article is accompanied by a Chinese-language summary of the developments. The full article can be read online in the January–March 2023 issue of Asia Franchise & Business Opportunities.

Experts from Tilleke & Gibbins’ intellectual property team have written the Vietnam chapter of Practical Law’s Intellectual Property Transactions Global Guide 2022, a high-level comparative overview of intellectual property laws and regulations across more than 30 jurisdictions. The Intellectual Property Transactions Global Guide focuses on business-related aspects of intellectual property, such as the value of intellectual assets in M&A transactions, and the licensing of IP portfolios. The topics covered include the following: IP assignment IP licensing Research and development collaborations IP audits IP aspects of M&A Lending and security interests Settlement agreements Employee and consultant agreements Key issues in IP transactions To read the Vietnam chapter, please visit the Practical Law website or click on the link below.