Thailand’s Department of Business Development (DBD) has issued a regulation mandating the closure of the legacy “e-Registration” system for registration of juristic persons, effective June 1, 2025. The e-Registration system will be formally discontinued as part of Thailand’s transition to the “DBD Biz Regist” digital platform, which aims to modernize and streamline online registration processes for corporate entities. Beginning July 1, 2025, the DBD will suspend all paper-based application submissions. All corporate registration applications for partnerships and private limited companies must be submitted online through the DBD Biz Regist system. The DBD introduced the DBD Biz Regist system in 2024 by a regulation of the Office of Central Company and Partnership Registration. While paper-based registration has remained available during the transition period, it has been limited to a reduced number of cases. DBD Biz Regist System The key principles of the DBD Biz Regist system include: Online submission and identity verification. The application process is fully digital throughout the entire registration procedure. Users can create accounts on the DBD Biz Regist website and complete identity verification online through ThaID, National Digital ID (NDID), or the DBD e-Service application—which is currently the only online option available to foreign nationals. In-person verification before a DBD registrar remains available as an alternative option. Electronic signatures. The system supports electronic signatures without requiring physical appearance for document signing. Users can sign documents electronically through ThaID, NDID, or the DBD e-Service application. Consent form process. After the DBD registrar approves an online application submission, the system will generate a consent form to be signed by the relevant parties. This form certifies the information presented in the online registration application. Applicants may either print and physically sign the consent form before uploading it to the system or sign it electronically through the DBD Biz Regist platform. Digital certified corporate documents. Upon completion of the

On September 6, 2024, Laos’ Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MOAF) issued Decision No. 4565/MAF on Forest Carbon Management. This decision, which took effect on October 29, 2024, enables Laos to participate in both domestic and international carbon markets. It outlines comprehensive guidelines for forest carbon activities, including investment procedures, carbon credit trading, and benefit allocation. The Department of Forestry (DOF), under the MOAF, oversees these activities and grants relevant permissions. Definitions The decision defines key terms related to forest carbon management: Forest carbon: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) absorbed by forests, calculated in tonnes per hectare. Forest carbon credit: Quantity of CO₂ reduction, absorption, and storage, measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e), achieved through various projects or activities. These credits are verified for the reduction, absorption, and storage of CO₂ to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. They can be exchanged and traded in accordance with established standards for greenhouse gas emissions. Forest carbon trading: An agreement between a buyer (domestic or foreign legal entity or government) and a seller (the owner of a forest carbon project) to trade tCO2e . This trading allows the buyer to offset greenhouse gas emissions that exceed the emission allowances set out in the Paris Agreement on climate change. The forest carbon sold becomes the property of the buyer. Forest Carbon Business Operations According to the decision forest carbon business operations include: Cooperation between the government and development partners: This involves bilateral and multilateral cooperation based on international agreements and treaties. The use of carbon credits from this cooperation is not market-based but agreement-based, contributing to Laos’ national climate change goals. Forest carbon investment: This includes direct government investments and joint investments with the private sector, international organizations, or communities. These investments aim to create forest carbon credits without granting exclusive rights to forest

On May 21, 2025, the Trade Competition Commission of Thailand (TCCT) published a press release signaling heightened regulation of digital platforms in response to the influx of products from foreign countries being sold in Thailand via e-commerce platforms. In recent years, the rapid expansion of cross-border multi-sided e-commerce platforms has unlocked unprecedented growth, but it has also flooded Thailand’s digital marketplaces with low-cost imports sold by unregulated foreign vendors via these platforms, unfairly undercutting local merchants’ market share and exposing consumers to uneven product quality. According to the press release, the TCCT announced progress on drafting new guidelines on unfair trade practices, monopolistic conduct, and competition restraint by multi-sided e-commerce platforms at a recent meeting of the Management Committee for Addressing Issues of Foreign Goods and Businesses Violating Laws. This regulatory push is part of a broader governmental effort to tackle issues stemming from the foregoing that create uneven playing fields and undermine consumer welfare. The draft guidelines are designed to regulate platform operators and their complex and multidimensional trade relations that cause network effects and distort competition. The forthcoming guidelines, to be issued under the Trade Competition Act B.E. 2560 (2017), will undergo public consultation to ensure platform operators, the public, and other stakeholders will have an opportunity to provide input before they are finalized and enforced. The guidelines are seen as an important priority, with the minister of commerce urging swift implementation of the measures to achieve the government’s objectives. In addition to the legislative advancement, one of the TCCT commissioners has been appointed to advise a subcommittee on preventing nominee arrangements by foreign investors and a subcommittee dedicated to promoting Thai SMEs and eliminating poor-quality imports. The appointee will also support the nationwide task force against illegal foreign products in overseeing proactive field operations and comprehensive

On May 2, 2025, the Trade Competition Commission of Thailand (TCCT), in cooperation with the OECD, held a conference to discuss the results of the OECD Peer Review of Thailand’s competition law and policy. This review, conducted under the second phase of the OECD-Thailand Country Program, marks a significant milestone in Thailand’s ongoing institutional reform. Tilleke & Gibbins’ trade competition experts were invited to participate in both the program and the conference. The OECD Peer Review aimed to assess the current state of Thailand’s legal and regulatory environment surrounding competition law and policies, pinpoint strengths and weaknesses, and offer recommendations on potential future development. This article highlights the review’s key findings and recommendations, and their implications for businesses operating in Thailand. Institutional Framework: Room for Improvement Competition law in Thailand has undergone significant transformation, particularly since the enactment of the Trade Competition Act B.E. 2560 (2017) (TCA). This landmark legislation aimed to revolutionize the competition regime, notably by amending important legal provisions to enhance public enforcement capabilities and establishing the TCCT as an independent authority separate from government ministries, endowed with its own budget and powers to enforce competition law across key areas: anticompetitive agreements, abuse of dominant market positions, merger control, and unfair trade practices. The goal was to create a more efficient, flexible, and independent agency and to prevent political intervention. However, the OECD Peer Review points out a major impediment. The TCCT faces considerable budget and human resource constraints, which may impact its enforcement capacity. Its budget is comparatively low by international and regional standards, and only a fraction of its staff is dedicated to core competition enforcement (merger control and anticompetitive behavior). Furthermore, there is room for the TCCT to continue its improvements in expertise and efficiency—areas the TCCT has been attempting to shore up